| Adjacent segment degeneration....................................................105 |
| Adjacent segment disease................................................................127 |
| Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis................................... 5, 13, 93, 261 |
| Adult.........................................................................................................266 |
| Adult idiopathic......................................................................................79 |
| Adult scoliosis..........................................................................23,79, 276 |
| Anesthesia management..............................................................17, 23 |
| Anterior cervical discectomy.....................................................69, 105 |
| Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion............................117, 231 |
| AP diameter...........................................................................................163 |
| Beta-tricalcium phosphate...............................................................227 |
| Bipedicular base distance.................................................................163 |
| Blade-peek cage...................................................................................105 |
| Bone cement...........................................................................................59 |
| Bone graft substitute..........................................................................227 |
| Cantilever.................................................................................................85 |
| Catheter...................................................................................................261 |
| Cell-saver..................................................................................................13 |
| Cement....................................................................................................223 |
| Cement leakage......................................................................................59 |
| Cervical disc herniation.....................................................................117 |
| Cervical lordosis...................................................................................181 |
| Cervical sagittal alignment..............................................................231 |
| Cervical spinal surgery.......................................................................270 |
| Cervical spine..................................................................... 145, 157, 231 |
| Cervical spine alignment..................................................................181 |
| Clinical presentation..........................................................................121 |
| Cobb method........................................................................................... 27 |
| Coccydynia.............................................................................................253 |
| Colorectal adenocarcinoma.............................................................145 |
| Complication.....................................................................................47, 85 |
| Complications of fusion.......................................................................55 |
| Compression fractures.......................................................................199 |
| Contralateral approach........................................................................69 |
| De novo scoliosis...................................................................................79 |
| Decision-making process..................................................................276 |
| Degenerative.........................................................................................276 |
| Degenerative lumbar..........................................................................127 |
| Degenerative scoliosis.........................................................................79 |
| Diabetes mellitus.................................................................................193 |
| Diffusion MRI........................................................................................101 |
| Disc decompression..............................................................................33 |
| Discectomy.............................................................................................235 |
| Dynamic screws....................................................................................127 |
| Embolism..................................................................................................59 |
| Endoscopic.............................................................................................235 |
| Endoscopic anatomy...........................................................................211 |
| Epidural steroid injection...................................................................41 |
| Epiduroscopic..........................................................................................33 |
| Exiting.....................................................................................................211 |
| Fasting blood glucose........................................................................193 |
| Full lateral spine.......................................................................................1 |
| Functional results.....................................................................................5 |
| Fusion.............................................................................69, 127, 139, 227 |
| Ganglion impar block.........................................................................253 |
| Graft............................................................................................................69 |
| Interbody fusion..................................................................................... 47 |
| Intervertebral disc degeneration...................................................187 |
| Idiopathic................................................................................................276 |
| Implant failure......................................................................................151 |
| Interbody fat............................................................................................69 |
| Intervertebral disc displacement...................................................187 |
| Kinesio taping......................................................................................... 27 |
| Kyphoplasty.............................................................................................65 |
| Kyphoscoliosis..................................................................................17, 23 |
| Kyphosis..................................................................................................257 |
| Laser...........................................................................................................33 |
| Lateral mass fixation..........................................................................169 |
| Local anesthetic infusion..................................................................261 |
| Long-term....................................................................................................5 |
| Loosening...............................................................................................151 |
| Low back pain......................................................................... 41, 47, 193 |
| Low back pain......................................................................................... 47 |
| Lumbar.......................................................................................... 235, 227 |
| Lumbar disc herniation...................................................121, 240, 245 |
| Lumbar epidural steroid injection.................................................193 |
| Lumbar lordosis....................................................................................245 |
| Lumbar spine fracture........................................................................133 |
| Lumbar vertebrae................................................................................187 |
| Lytic metastases...................................................................................101 |
| Magnetic resonance imaging..........................................................187 |
| Maximal resection...............................................................................240 |
| Meningeal cysts....................................................................................207 |
| Metastases................................................................................... 101, 145 |
| Microdiscectomy..................................................................................240 |
| Migration of...........................................................................................223 |
| Minimal invasive spine surgery......................................................211 |
| Modic Change.......................................................................................105 |
| Morphometric analysis................................................... 157, 169, 175 |
| Multi-segment posterolateral fusion............................................227 |
| Occipital bone.......................................................................................175 |
| Occipitocervical fusion......................................................................175 |
| Osteoporosis...................................................................................59, 133 |
| Outcome assesment...........................................................................117 |
| Pain...........................................................................................................261 |
| Paresis......................................................................................................270 |
| Patient satisfaction...............................................................................65 |
| Pediatric..................................................................................................157 |
| Pediatric scoliosis.................................................................................. 17 |
| Pedicle screw...........................................................................................93 |
| Pedicle screw fixation........................................................................151 |
| Pedicle screw loosening....................................................................151 |
| Pedicule screws......................................................................................16 |
| Peek cage................................................................................................105 |
| Pelvic insidence...................................................................... 1, 245, 257 |
| Pelvic tilt....................................................................................... 245, 257 |
| Percutaneous.........................................................................................235 |
| Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy...........................235 |
| Percutaneous vertebroplasty........................................199, 223, 249 |
| Polyetheretherketone cage..............................................................117 |
| Polymethylmetacrylate......................................................................223 |
| Polymethylmethacrylate...................................................................199 |
| Ponte’s osteotomy..................................................................................93 |
| Posterior lumbar interbody fusion...................................................55 |
| Posterolateral fusion..........................................................................111 |
| Postoperative analgesia....................................................................261 |
| Postoperative epidural hematoma................................................270 |
| Pulmonary................................................................................................59 |
| Radicular leg pain.................................................................................41 |
| Radiography...................................................................................... 1, 266 |
| Recurrent lumbar disc herniation..................................................121 |
| Rigid scoliosis.........................................................................................85 |
| Risk factors.............................................................................................121 |
| Root..........................................................................................................211 |
| Sacral slope................................................................................. 245, 257 |
| Sagittal balance.............................................................................. 1, 266 |
| Sagittal vertical axis................................................................. 181, 257 |
| Sclerotic metastases...........................................................................101 |
| Scoliosis....................................................................................................79 |
| Socioeconomic factors.......................................................................121 |
| Spinal arachnoid cysts.......................................................................207 |
| Spinal canal area.................................................................................163 |
| Spinal cord...............................................................................................73 |
| Spinal cystic lesions...........................................................................207 |
| Spinal endoscopy.................................................................................211 |
| Spinal instrumentation......................................................................111 |
| Spinal stenosis..................................................................................47, 55 |
| Spinal surgery...................................................................................17, 23 |
| Spine...............................................................................................127, 227 |
| Spine surgery............................................................................... 151, 276 |
| Spino-pelvic parameters........................................................................1 |
| Spondylolisthesis.................................................................................111 |
| Spondyloptosis.....................................................................................139 |
| SRS-30..........................................................................................................5 |
| Surgery.................................................................................139, 145, 231 |
| Surgical indication..............................................................................276 |
| Surgical management................................................................... 79, 85 |
| Syringomyelia.........................................................................................73 |
| Syrinx.........................................................................................................73 |
| Thoracic fracture..................................................................................133 |
| Thoracic kyphosis.................................................................................. 27 |
| TLIF...................................................................................................... 47 |
| Tranexamic acid.....................................................................................13 |
| Trans-sacral..............................................................................................33 |
| Trans-sacro-coccygeal approach....................................................253 |
| Transforaminal............................................................................ 211, 235 |
| Transforaminal epidural steroid injection.....................................41 |
| Transitional vertebra..........................................................................169 |
| Trauma.....................................................................................................139 |
| Traversing root......................................................................................211 |
| Uncovertebral hypertrophy..............................................................105 |
| VAS score................................................................................................253 |
| Vertebra...................................................................................................101 |
| Vertebrae fracture...............................................................................223 |
| Vertebral.................................................................................................199 |
| Vertebral bone biopsy........................................................................249 |
| Vertebral compression fractures....................................................249 |
| Vertebral fracture........................................................................... 59, 65 |
| Vertebroplasty.................................................................................. 59, 65 |
| Viscosity....................................................................................................59 |
| X-rays.......................................................................................................187 |